今邁教大家如何消除PILZ繼電器觸點動作時產生的火花

    今邁教大家如何消除PILZ繼電器(qi)觸點動作時產生的(de)火花

    很(hen)多客戶(hu)在(zai)測試PILZ繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時候發現觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)時候會(hui)(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)火(huo)(huo)花，就以(yi)為是(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不(bu)(bu)合(he)適，其實繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)跳動(dong)或者開(kai)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)一瞬間均會(hui)(hui)(hui)引起感(gan)性負載的(de)(de)(de)變化，產(chan)生(sheng)氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現象，但繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)通斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較小，觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)間不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧，但會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現“火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"，這是(shi)很(hen)正常的(de)(de)(de)現象，這是(shi)由于觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)，則在(zai)斷(duan)開(kai)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)上會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，它與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一起加(jia)在(zai)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)間隙上，使剛分(fen)開(kai)一點(dian)(dian)距離的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)間隙擊(ji)穿而(er)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于能量所限，只(zhi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)間存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)中(zhong)能量的(de)(de)(de)交替轉(zhuan)換，使火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時隱時現，而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)為一種高頻信號，通過高頻輻射(she)、導線(xian)傳(chuan)遞及分(fen)布電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容等途(tu)徑(jing)而(er)串擾(rao)到相關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，造成(cheng)(cheng)干擾(rao)信號。再者火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)也會(hui)(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)損傷，而(er)會(hui)(hui)(hui)降低(di)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)使用壽命，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花會(hui)(hui)(hui)燒蝕(shi)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)表面，使其表面不(bu)(bu)平(ping)造成(cheng)(cheng)接觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)。

    所以(yi)，我們除(chu)了考慮是(shi)否繼電器規格(ge)不適合，最重要的是(shi)想辦法(fa)消除(chu)火花。

    PILZ繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)實用的(de)(de)消(xiao)火(huo)花電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是RC消(xiao)火(huo)花電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。RC消(xiao)火(huo)花電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路基本作用原(yuan)理是，把R和C相串聯后(hou)再并聯在(zai)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)點的(de)(de)兩端。使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感中的(de)(de)能量不通(tong)過觸(chu)(chu)點而通(tong)過RC;它(ta)只吸(xi)收(shou)觸(chu)(chu)點斷(duan)開時產生的(de)(de)自感電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)。在(zai)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)點接通(tong)瞬間(jian)，由(you)于RC被短路，所以沒有吸(xi)收(shou)作用，PILZ繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)虛線框外是一種全吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，在(zai)觸(chu)(chu)點斷(duan)開時自感電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)經過極管在(zai)負載(zai)rL上(shang)消(xiao)耗掉(diao)。在(zai)實際應用中選擇以上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)一種就(jiu)行了(le)。

    PILZ繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器但要(yao)(yao)注意的(de)是，RC參數要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)擇適當(dang)，參數主要(yao)(yao)靠(kao)實驗來決定，通(tong)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C可按(an)負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)1A/1μF選(xuan)(xuan)擇。使用二極管時(shi)其正負(fu)極性(xing)應連(lian)接正確，且(qie)二極管V的(de)耐壓要(yao)(yao)夠。需要(yao)(yao)指出的(de)是RC消火(huo)花(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)應緊靠(kao)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器觸點安裝，并盡量使連(lian)接線短些(xie)，以保證消火(huo)花(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)效(xiao)果。

    （一）按動作原理分類，可分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和感(gan)應繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)通過繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈中的電(dian)(dian)流在磁路的氣隙（鐵(tie)(tie)芯與銜鐵(tie)(tie)之(zhi)間）中產生電(dian)(dian)磁力，吸(xi)引銜鐵(tie)(tie)，帶動接點動作的。此類繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最多。

    感應繼(ji)電器是利用(yong)電流通過線圈產生的交變磁場(chang)與(yu)另(ling)一交變磁場(chang)在翼(yi)(yi)板中所感應的電流相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)產生電磁力，使翼(yi)(yi)板轉(zhuan)動(dong)而動(dong)作(zuo)的。

    （二）按動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分類，可分為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)由(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的，它按所通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的極(ji)性，又可分為(wei)無極(ji)、偏極(ji)和(he)有極(ji)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)都是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

    交(jiao)流(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的。它按(an)動(dong)作原(yuan)理，有電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，也有感應繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

    整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)式(shi)繼電器雖然用(yong)于交流(liu)(liu)電路(lu)中(zhong)，但它用(yong)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)元件將(jiang)交流(liu)(liu)電整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)為直流(liu)(liu)電，所以其實質上是直流(liu)(liu)繼電器。

    （三(san)）按輸入量的物(wu)理性質分類(lei)，可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)壓繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)反映電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的變化，它的線圈必須串(chuan)聯在所反映的電(dian)(dian)路中。該電(dian)(dian)路包含被反映的器(qi)(qi)件，如電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)繞組、信(xin)號燈泡等。

    電(dian)壓繼電(dian)器反映電(dian)壓的變化，它的線圈勵磁電(dian)路單獨構成。

    （四(si)）按動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)速度分(fen)類(lei)，可分(fen)為正常(chang)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器(qi)和緩動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器(qi)正常(chang)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器(qi)，銜鐵動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)時間為0.1~0.3s。大部分(fen)信號繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器(qi)屬于此類(lei)。一(yi)般無需加此稱呼。

    緩(huan)(huan)(huan)動(dong)繼電器，銜鐵動(dong)作時間超(chao)過0.3s。又分為緩(huan)(huan)(huan)吸、緩(huan)(huan)(huan)放。時間繼電器是利用脈沖延時電路或軟件設定使之緩(huan)(huan)(huan)吸。緩(huan)(huan)(huan)放型繼電器則(ze)利用短路銅環產生磁通使之緩(huan)(huan)(huan)動(dong)，主(zhu)要取其(qi)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)放特性。

    （五）按接(jie)點結(jie)構分類，可分為(wei)普(pu)通接(jie)點繼電器(qi)和(he)加強接(jie)點繼電器(qi)普(pu)通接(jie)點繼電器(qi)具有開斷功率較小的接(jie)點的能力，以滿足一般信號電路的要求(qiu)，多(duo)數繼電器(qi)為(wei)普(pu)通接(jie)點繼電器(qi)。一般不加此稱呼。

    加強(qiang)接點繼電(dian)器具(ju)有(you)開(kai)斷功率較大的接點的能力，以(yi)滿足(zu)電(dian)壓(ya)較高、電(dian)流較大的信號電(dian)路的要求。

    （六）按動作時(shi)間(jian)分類，可分為(wei)正常(chang)動作繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)、緩動繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)和快動繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)正常(chang)動作繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)：動作時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)0.1~0.3s的(de)繼(ji)(ji)電器(qi)。

    緩動繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)：動作時(shi)間(jian)為0.3s以上的(de)(de)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)。快動繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)：動作時(shi)間(jian)小(xiao)于0.1s的(de)(de)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)。

    （七(qi)）按工作可靠程度分(fen)類，可分(fen)為安(an)全型繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器和非安(an)全型繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器安(an)全型繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器（N型）是無需借助于其他繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器，亦(yi)無需對其接(jie)點在電(dian)路中的工作狀態進行監督檢查，其自(zi)身結(jie)構即能滿(man)足一切安(an)全條件的繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器，其特點是：

    1.當線圈斷電時，銜(xian)鐵可(ke)借助自(zi)身重量釋放，從(cong)而使前接點可(ke)靠(kao)斷開。

    2.選用(yong)合適的接(jie)點(dian)(dian)材料，構成非熔(rong)接(jie)性前接(jie)點(dian)(dian)，或(huo)采(cai)用(yong)能防止接(jie)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)接(jie)的特殊結(jie)構（例如接(jie)熔(rong)斷器(qi)、接(jie)點(dian)(dian)串(chuan)聯）。

    3.當一組(zu)不應閉(bi)合(he)的后(hou)接點仍然閉(bi)合(he)時，結構上(shang)能防止所有前接點閉(bi)合(he)。

    非(fei)安全(quan)型(xing)繼電(dian)器(qi)（C型(xing)）是必須監督(du)檢查(cha)接(jie)點(dian)在電(dian)路中的工作(zuo)狀態，以保證安全(quan)條件的繼電(dian)器(qi)。其特點(dian)是：

    1.由于繼(ji)電器(qi)在使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)已檢查了(le)銜鐵(tie)的釋(shi)放，因此不(bu)必采用(yong)非熔接性接點材料(liao)。

    2.當一組不應閉合的前接點仍(reng)然閉合時，結構上能保(bao)證所有(you)后接點不閉合。反(fan)之亦然。

    或光隔(ge)離(li)器(qi)(qi)是一種安(an)全組件(jian)，可通過光信(xin)(xin)號在(zai)兩(liang)個隔(ge)離(li)的(de)電(dian)路之間傳輸電(dian)信(xin)(xin)號。常見的(de)光電(dian)隔(ge)離(li)器(qi)(qi)類型由同一封裝中(zhong)的(de)LED和光電(dian)晶(jing)體管組成。電(dian)磁繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)主要用于傳感器(qi)(qi)和PLC之間的(de)精密系(xi)統。

    PILZ繼電(dian)器用作電(dian)隔(ge)離組件。也(ye)就(jiu)是說(shuo)，它保持了兩(liang)個(ge)設備(bei)或組件之間的連(lian)(lian)接(jie)，而沒有任何直(zhi)接(jie)的傳導。組件或設備(bei)，例如(ru)PLC，SCDA，傳感器等。如(ru)果將(jiang)傳感器直(zhi)接(jie)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)到PLC，則直(zhi)接(jie)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)–電(dian)路(lu)中的任何故障都會損壞PLC。

    光(guang)電隔(ge)離器將輸入和輸出(chu)端與由輸入電流(liu)調制的光(guang)束相連。它(ta)將有用的輸入信號(hao)轉換(huan)成光(guang)，通(tong)過(guo)介電通(tong)道發送，在(zai)輸出(chu)側捕獲光(guang)，然后將其轉換(huan)回(hui)電信號(hao)。

    光電隔離(li)器可(ke)以傳遞直(zhi)流或緩(huan)慢移動的信(xin)號，并且(qie)不需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)輸入(ru)和(he)輸出(chu)端之間匹配(pei)阻抗。光電隔離(li)器的主要(yao)功能是阻止高(gao)電壓和(he)瞬態(tai)電壓，因(yin)此系(xi)統某(mou)一部(bu)分(fen)的浪涌不會干(gan)擾或破(po)壞其他部(bu)分(fen)。

    為(wei)什么不使(shi)用PILZ繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)代(dai)替電(dian)磁繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)器(qi)

    我(wo)們可(ke)以使用斷路器(qi)代替電磁繼電器(qi)，如果仍然存(cun)在任何(he)故障(zhang)，斷路器(qi)將使電路跳(tiao)閘。但這將破壞一項重要(yao)任務的連續性，例如需要(yao)持續監視的緊急保護系(xi)統。除了(le)斷路器(qi)之外，電磁繼電器(qi)還可(ke)以簡單地(di)阻止(zhi)由于故障(zhang)引起的瞬變，并(bing)在正常情況下讓(rang)信(xin)號通過(guo)。