淺談(tan)FESTO無(wu)桿(gan)氣(qi)缸蓋的加工和如何消除頭部積(ji)碳
但是它的作用卻是很重要的,如果(guo)氣(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋(gai)出了問題,氣(qi)缸(gang)(gang)就(jiu)不能(neng)正常的工(gong)作。下面就(jiu)為大家分享一下氣(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋(gai)的加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)和如何消除氣(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋(gai)頭部的積碳。
一(yi)、FESTO無桿氣缸機(ji)械加工(gong)工(gong)藝技術關鍵分析
1FESTO無桿氣(qi)缸圈錐面加(jia)工方式
目前,加工座圈錐(zhui)(zhui)面多(duo)采用車削工藝(yi)。而采用锪錐(zhui)(zhui)面的加工工藝(yi),其缺點(dian)是在錐(zhui)(zhui)面上會復(fu)映(ying)惚(hu)刀切(qie)削刃的各(ge)種缺陷(xian)。另外,由于切(qie)削力較(jiao)大,要求刀體的剛性(xing)好。但(dan)它具(ju)有刀具(ju)結構(gou)和運動簡單,效率高(gao)的特點(dian)。
此外,座圈材料的(de)不同(tong),也會影響加(jia)工方式的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)。一(yi)般地,當(dang)座圈硬(ying)度在HRC40以上時,座圈硬(ying)度較(jiao)高,只能采(cai)用(yong)車削(xue)錐面(mian);當(dang)座圈硬(ying)度低(di)于(yu)HRC40時,既(ji)可采(cai)用(yong)車削(xue)錐面(mian),也可采(cai)用(yong)惚錐面(mian)工藝。
對(dui)于內(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋制(zhi)造(zao),其制(zhi)造(zao)系統雖(sui)然不同(tong)(tong),但加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)設計中(zhong)所采用的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技術仍有許多共同(tong)(tong)之(zhi)處。其進(jin)、排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)門座(zuo)圈(quan)錐面與導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)是氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)最關鍵的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序,精(jing)度一(yi)般為:高速發動(dong)機座(zuo)圈(quan)底(di)孔(kong)與其導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)底(di)孔(kong)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)軸(zhou)度為φ0.03mm,座(zuo)圈(quan)錐面對(dui)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)軸(zhou)度為φ0.025mm,轉速低于3600r/min的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機可(ke)分(fen)別(bie)降(jiang)為φ0.05mm,0.04mm,一(yi)般采用鉆--(復合擴(kuo))--半精(jing)譴氣(qi)(qi)門座(zuo)孔(kong)、導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)底(di)孔(kong)—精(jing)譴氣(qi)(qi)門座(zuo)底(di)孔(kong)、槍鉸導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)底(di)孔(kong)—壓導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)、座(zuo)圈(quan)—精(jing)車座(zuo)圈(quan)錐面、槍鉸導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。根據零件結(jie)構、綱領(ling)及(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度,以直列三缸(gang)(gang)、四缸(gang)(gang)柴油機灰口鑄鐵材(cai)料的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)蓋為例,結(jie)合國內(nei)(nei)外機械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)發展趨勢及(ji)(ji)萊(lai)動(dong)公司缸(gang)(gang)蓋的(de)(de)具體情況(kuang),對(dui)其進(jin)行探討分(fen)析。
2FESTO無桿氣(qi)(qi)缸的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)方式(shi)對其精度(du)(du)影(ying)響(xiang)很大(da),一(yi)(yi)種是采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)兩(liang)銷定(ding)位(wei),但這種方式(shi)有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)缺點,由于存在(zai)(zai)導(dao)管孔(kong)(kong)及氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)到銷孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置精度(du)(du)誤(wu)差,因(yin)此(ci)使加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)余量不均勻,不易達到產品(pin)精度(du)(du)要(yao)求。而采(cai)用(yong)以平(ping)面(mian)和(he)(he)導(dao)管外(wai)圓表面(mian)定(ding)位(wei),使導(dao)管和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)縱(zong)向軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)與機(ji)床主軸軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)相重(zhong)合,則可(ke)使加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)余量均勻,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)高。但是,這種工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)上只能加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座,率較低。因(yin)此(ci),大(da)批(pi)量時(shi),仍然(ran)經常采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)兩(liang)銷定(ding)位(wei),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)全線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)精基準。然(ran)而,毛坯粗(cu)基準的(de)(de)(de)選擇更加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)要(yao),在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)(qi)缸蓋線(xian)(xian)(xian)中,一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)頂面(mian),第(di)(di)1,3(4)進氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)和(he)(he)進氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)方孔(kong)(kong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗(cu)基準加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)定(ding)位(wei)銷孔(kong)(kong)或加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出過渡基準后加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)定(ding)位(wei)銷孔(kong)(kong),保證氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)質(zhi)量。在(zai)(zai)萊(lai)動公司的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)缸蓋中,由于鑄(zhu)造采(cai)用(yong)了整體氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)芯,整條加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)采(cai)用(yong)了兩(liang)螺栓孔(kong)(kong)在(zai)(zai)頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)出口(kou)段作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)定(ding)位(wei)銷孔(kong)(kong),因(yin)而選擇了已精銑后的(de)(de)(de)底面(mian)、第(di)(di)1,3(4)進氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗(cu)基準,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)定(ding)位(wei)銷孔(kong)(kong),較好(hao)地保證了氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座孔(kong)(kong)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)質(zhi)量。
3氣門(men)座底孔(kong)與導管(guan)孔(kong)底孔(kong)的加工(gong)
多年來(lai),如何保證氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)底孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)與導管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)底孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)同(tong)軸(zhou)度(du)(du),一直困(kun)擾(rao)著眾多的(de)(de)內燃機。常規方法一般采用(yong)(yong)鉆、擴、鉸工藝(yi),采用(yong)(yong)前后兩端導向(xiang)的(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)結(jie)構(gou),由(you)于刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)細長,刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)剛性不(bu)足,加工過程中,各種原因產(chan)生的(de)(de)徑向(xiang)力(li)不(bu)均勻,刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)易產(chan)生彎曲變(bian)形(xing)、讓(rang)刀(dao)(dao),從而(er)引(yin)起同(tong)軸(zhou)度(du)(du)超差。近年來(lai),通(tong)過對刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)、改(gai)進(jin),采用(yong)(yong)了一些新工藝(yi),較(jiao)好(hao)地解(jie)決了這一問(wen)題。如適當(dang)縮短導管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鉸刀(dao)(dao)到座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鉸刀(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)距(ju)離,先(xian)采用(yong)(yong)刀(dao)(dao)柄(bing)導向(xiang)鉸導管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),然后用(yong)(yong)導管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鉸刀(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)導向(xiang)部(bu)分導向(xiang)和刀(dao)(dao)柄(bing)雙導向(xiang)鉸氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),采用(yong)(yong)這樣的(de)(de)無間(jian)隙導向(xiang),可強制氣(qi)(qi)門(men)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鉸刀(dao)(dao)修正(zheng)上面(mian)工序的(de)(de)微量不(bu)同(tong)軸(zhou)度(du)(du)。另外,通(tong)過對座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)圈孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)和導管(guan)(guan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)復(fu)合擴刀(dao)(dao)幾何角度(du)(du)的(de)(de)改(gai)進(jin),把常規的(de)(de)擴刀(dao)(dao)變(bian)為鏜擴刀(dao)(dao)、鏜鉸刀(dao)(dao),也收到了很好(hao)的(de)(de)效果。
4FESTO無桿(gan)氣(qi)缸進(jin)行加工(gong)(gong),這種刀(dao)具(ju)設有兩個導(dao)向條(tiao)(tiao),在(zai)切(qie)削過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可起(qi)導(dao)向作用,對加工(gong)(gong)余量(liang)不均勻的(de)敏感(gan)性(xing)低。另(ling)外,在(zai)槍(qiang)(qiang)鉸刀(dao)基礎上(shang)發展起(qi)來一種槍(qiang)(qiang)譴(qian)刀(dao),與(yu)槍(qiang)(qiang)鉸刀(dao)十分(fen)類似,它采用三個導(dao)向條(tiao)(tiao)。這樣(yang),在(zai)譴(qian)刀(dao)切(qie)入工(gong)(gong)件后,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)一個導(dao)向條(tiao)(tiao)立即起(qi)支(zhi)撐作用,提高(gao)了(le)鏜刀(dao)的(de)剛性(xing),這種槍(qiang)(qiang)鏜刀(dao)也用于(yu)加工(gong)(gong)導(dao)管孔。在(zai)大批(pi)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong),一般采用一面兩銷(xiao)定位(wei),同時提高(gao)導(dao)管底(di)孔及氣(qi)門(men)座底(di)孔對定位(wei)銷(xiao)孔位(wei)置精度,減少定位(wei)誤(wu)差,使加工(gong)(gong)余量(liang)均勻,保證產品(pin)精度要求。另(ling)外,槍(qiang)(qiang)鉸冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)液分(fen)為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)兩種,高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)液主要用于(yu)加工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程冷(leng)(leng)卻(que),其(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力為(wei)5MPa,流量(liang)80L/min,過(guo)濾(lv)精度5-10μm。低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)主要用于(yu)沖(chong)屑,其(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力為(wei)0.2-0.3MPa,流量(liang)80L/min,過(guo)濾(lv)精度30μm。
二、如何消除氣(qi)(qi)缸蓋(gai)、活塞頂(ding)和氣(qi)(qi)門頭部的積(ji)碳(tan)
燃燒(shao)室和活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)頂(ding)部積(ji)碳(tan)(tan)過多,將使發(fa)動機燃燒(shao)室容積(ji)減(jian)小,壓縮比增(zeng)大,易于造(zao)成(cheng)發(fa)動機的不正常燃燒(shao)。而且積(ji)碳(tan)(tan)使活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)和氣門的導(dao)熱性變差,同(tong)時會加(jia)速活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)環與活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)環槽(cao)間的磨損。清除積(ji)碳(tan)(tan)可用機械或化學方(fang)法進行,必要時,也(ye)可兩種方(fang)法并(bing)用。
(1)機(ji)械方法:就是用刮(gua)刀(dao)、鏟刀(dao)或金屬(shu)刷清(qing)除積碳(tan)。先用煤(mei)油浸(jin)潤氣(qi)缸蓋、活(huo)塞頂和氣(qi)門等處的(de)積碳(tan),然后用銅、鋁(lv)等軟金屬(shu)制成的(de)刀(dao)片刮(gua)除積碳(tan),注意勿刮(gua)傷(shang)機(ji)件V面。刮(gua)除后,再用洗油清(qing)洗。
(2)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)方(fang)法:即將化(hua)(hua)學(xue)溶液(ye)加熱(re)到80-90度,再把零件(jian)放在溶液(ye)中浸(jin)泡,使積碳軟化(hua)(hua)合清除(chu)。鋁(lv)合金(jin)零件(jian)清除(chu)積碳后,還應用熱(re)水清洗干凈。
1.氣缸(gang)的速度特性
首(shou)先我們(men)來了(le)解(jie)一下(xia)什么是(shi)(shi)理論(lun)(lun)基準速(su)(su)度(du)(du)。理論(lun)(lun)基準速(su)(su)度(du)(du),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指在(zai)氣缸(gang)沒有外負載(zai)力的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),并且(qie)假(jia)設其(qi)排(pai)氣側為聲速(su)(su)排(pai)氣,氣源壓(ya)力也不是(shi)(shi)很低,這時計(ji)算出來的氣缸(gang)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)就(jiu)稱(cheng)之為理論(lun)(lun)基準速(su)(su)度(du)(du)。
一般的(de)(de)認定氣(qi)缸(gang)無負(fu)(fu)載時的(de)(de)最大(da)速(su)度就為(wei)理論基準速(su)度。但隨(sui)著負(fu)(fu)載的(de)(de)增大(da),氣(qi)缸(gang)的(de)(de)最大(da)速(su)度會逐漸減小。
氣缸的(de)(de)平均速度,則是其運動行程與氣缸動作(zuo)時間的(de)(de)比值(zhi),它與最大速度之間的(de)(de)關系是:最大速度為(wei)平均速度的(de)(de)1.4倍(bei)。
一般來(lai)講(jiang),標準(zhun)氣(qi)缸的(de)(de)速度范(fan)圍為50—500mm/s。速度過(guo)(guo)小,則會使氣(qi)缸出現爬(pa)行現象,但如果速度過(guo)(guo)大(da)(da),則會加速零部件(jian)的(de)(de)磨損,使氣(qi)缸容易(yi)漏(lou)氣(qi),縮(suo)短其(qi)使用壽(shou)命。因此,過(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)或者過(guo)(guo)小都(dou)不好,應選擇最合(he)適的(de)(de),且要(yao)在(zai)規(gui)定范(fan)圍內。
2.氣缸的行程
氣(qi)缸的行程(cheng)(cheng),一般是(shi)與氣(qi)缸的使用場合,以及行程(cheng)(cheng)比(bi)有(you)關。如果(guo)氣(qi)缸的安(an)裝(zhuang)形式不同(tong),那么其行程(cheng)(cheng)比(bi)也是(shi)不同(tong)的,因此要(yao)區別(bie)對待,準確確定(ding)好。
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