傳感器，

傳感器，/39529839/39529829
傳感器是采用光電元件作為檢測元件的傳感器。它把被測量的變化轉換成光信號的變化，然后借助光電元件進步將光信號轉換成電信號。光電傳感器般由光源、光學通路和光電元件三部分組成。
光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)方法具有精度(du)高、反應(ying)快、非接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)等優點，而且可(ke)(ke)測(ce)(ce)參數多(duo)，傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的結構簡單，形式靈(ling)活多(duo)樣，因此,光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)和控制中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)非常(chang)廣泛。 　　光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)各種光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)系統(tong)中(zhong)實現(xian)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)的關鍵元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)，它是(shi)(shi)把光(guang)信(xin)(xin)號（紅(hong)外、可(ke)(ke)見及紫外光(guang)輻(fu)射(she)）轉變(bian)(bian)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)號的器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)。 　　光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)以光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)作為轉換(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)的傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。它可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)直接(jie)引起光(guang)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的非電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，如光(guang)強、光(guang)照(zhao)度(du)、輻(fu)射(she)測(ce)(ce)溫、氣(qi)體成分分析等；也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)能轉換(huan)成光(guang)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的其他非電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，如零件(jian)(jian)直徑、表面(mian)粗糙度(du)、應(ying)變(bian)(bian)、位移(yi)、振(zhen)動、速度(du)、加速度(du)，以及物體的形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、工(gong)作狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態的識別等。光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具有非接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)、響(xiang)應(ying)快、可(ke)(ke)靠等特(te)點，因此在工(gong)業自動化(hua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)人中(zhong)獲得廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。近年來(lai)，新的光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)不斷涌現(xian)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)CCD圖像(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的誕生(sheng)，為光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的進步應(ying)用(yong)(yong)開創了(le)新的頁。

傳感器，/39529839/39529829
由光通量對光電元件的作用原理[1]不同所制成的光學測控系統是多種多樣的,按光電元件（光學測控系統）輸出量性質可分二類,即模擬式光電傳感器和脈沖（開關）式光電傳感器.模擬式光電傳感器是將被測量轉換  光電傳感器
成連續變化的光電流,它與被測量間呈單值關系.模擬式光電傳感器按被測量（檢測目標物體）方法可分為透射（吸收）式,漫反射式,遮光式（光束阻檔）三大類.所謂透射式是指被測物體放在光路中,恒光源發出的光能量穿過被測物,部份被吸收后,透射光投射到光電元件上;所謂漫反射式是指恒光源發出的光投射到被測物上,再從被測物體表面反射后投射到光電元件上;所謂遮光式是指當光源發出的光通量經被測物光遮其中部份,使投射剄光電元件上的光通量改變,改變的程度與被測物體在光路位置有關. 　　光敏二極管是zui常見的光傳感器。光敏二極管的外型與般二極管樣，只是它的管殼上開有個嵌著玻璃的窗口，以便于光線射入，為增加受光面積，PN結的面積做得較大，光敏二極管工作在反向偏置的工作狀態下，并與負載電阻相串聯，當無光照時，它與普通二極管樣，反向電流很小（＜µA），稱為光敏二極管的暗電流；當有光照時，載流子被激發，產生電子-空穴，稱為光電  光電傳感器
載流(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)。在(zai)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的作用下，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)載流(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)參于導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成比(bi)(bi)暗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大得(de)多的反向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，該(gai)反向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的大小(xiao)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)(du)(du)成正比(bi)(bi)，于是在(zai)負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上就能(neng)(neng)得(de)到隨光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)(du)(du)變化(hua)而變化(hua)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號。 　　光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)除(chu)了具(ju)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)能(neng)(neng)將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信(xin)號轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號的功能(neng)(neng)外(wai)，還有對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號放(fang)大的功能(neng)(neng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)三管(guan)(guan)的外(wai)型與般三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)相差不(bu)大，般光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)只引(yin)(yin)出兩個極(ji)——發(fa)射(she)極(ji)和集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，基(ji)極(ji)不(bu)引(yin)(yin)出，管(guan)(guan)殼(ke)同樣(yang)開窗口(kou)，以便光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線射(she)入(ru)。為(wei)(wei)增大光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)，基(ji)區面積做得(de)很大，發(fa)射(she)區較小(xiao)，入(ru)射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)主(zhu)要被基(ji)區吸(xi)收。工作時集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結反偏，發(fa)射(she)結正偏。在(zai)無光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時管(guan)(guan)子(zi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)(wei)暗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)Iceo=（1+β）Icbo（很小(xiao)），比(bi)(bi)般三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)的穿透電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)還小(xiao)；當(dang)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時，激發(fa)大量的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)-空穴對(dui)，使得(de)基(ji)極(ji)產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)Ib增大，此刻流(liu)(liu)(liu)過管(guan)(guan)子(zi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)Ic=（1+β）Ib，可(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)要比(bi)(bi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)具(ju)有更(geng)高的靈敏(min)度(du)(du)(du)。

傳感器，/39529839/39529829
傳感器特長
檢測距離長 　　如果在對射型中保留10m以上的檢測距離等，便能實現其他檢測手段（磁性、超聲波等） 無法離檢測。 　　②對檢測物體的限制少 　　由于以檢測物體引起的遮光和反射為檢測原理，所以不象接近傳感器等將檢測物體限定 在金屬，它可對玻璃.塑料.木材.液體等幾乎所有物體進行檢測。 　　③響應時間短 　　光本身為高速，并且傳感器的電路都由電子零件構成，所以不包含機械性工作時間，響應時間非常短。 　　④分辨率高 　　能通過設計技術使投光光束集中在小光點，或通過構成特殊的受光光學系統，來實現高分辨率。也可進行微小物體的檢測和高精度的位置檢測。 　　⑤可實現非接觸的檢測 　　可以無須機械性地接觸檢測物體實現檢測，因此不會對檢測物體和傳感器造成損傷。因此，傳感器能長期使用。 　　⑥可實現顏色判別 　　通過檢測物體形成的光的反射率和吸收率根據被投光的光線波長和檢測物體的顏色組合 而有所差異。利用這種性質，可對檢測物體的顏色進行檢測。 　　⑦便于調整 　　在投射可視光的類型中，投光光束是眼睛可見的，便于對檢測物體的位置進行調整。
傳感器市場前景預測
咨詢公司(si)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)報告顯示(shi)，2008年傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)為506億美(mei)元，預計(ji)(ji)2010年傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)可達600億美(mei)元以上(shang)。調(diao)查顯示(shi)，東歐、亞太區和(he)加拿大成為傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)zui快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區，而美(mei)國、德國、日本依舊是傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)分布(bu)zui大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區。就世界范圍而言，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)zui快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依舊是汽車市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，占二(er)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是過(guo)程控制市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，看好通訊市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)前景。 　　些傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)比如壓(ya)力(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、溫度(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、流(liu)量(liang)(liang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水平(ping)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)(chu)成熟市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。流(liu)量(liang)(liang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、壓(ya)力(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、溫度(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)規模(mo)zui大，分別占到整個傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)21%、19%和(he)14%。傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)來自于無線傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、MEMS（Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems，微機電系統）傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、生物(wu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等新(xin)(xin)興傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其中，無線傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在2007-2010年復合年增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)率預計(ji)(ji)會超過(guo)25%。 　　目前，的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在不(bu)斷變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)(xin)之中呈現(xian)出(chu)(chu)快速增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢。有(you)關專家指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)技術(shu)將(jiang)(jiang)在現(xian)有(you)基礎(chu)上(shang)予(yu)以延伸和(he)提(ti)高，各國將(jiang)(jiang)競(jing)相加速新(xin)(xin)代傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發和(he)產業化(hua)，競(jing)爭也將(jiang)(jiang)日益激烈。新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)重新(xin)(xin)定義(yi)未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，比如無線傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、光纖傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、智(zhi)能傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)金屬氧化(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等新(xin)(xin)型傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)與*的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)大。

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