德國TURCK光電傳感器，TURCK傳感器，圖爾克光電傳感器
光電檢測方法具有精度高、反應快、非接觸等優點，而且可測參數多，傳感器的結構簡單，形式靈活多樣，因此,光電式傳感器在檢測和控制中應用非常廣泛。 　　光電傳感器是各種光電檢測系統中實現光電轉換的關鍵元件，它是把光信號（紅外、可見及紫外光輻射）轉變成為電信號的器件。 　　光電式傳感器是以光電器件作為轉換元件的傳感器。它可用于檢測直接引起光量變化的非電量，如光強、光照度、輻射測溫、氣體成分分析等；也可用來檢測能轉換成光量變化的其他非電量，如零件直徑、表面粗糙度、應變、位移、振動、速度、加速度，以及物體的形狀、工作狀態的識別等。光電式傳感器具有非接觸、響應快、可靠等特點，因此在工業自動化裝置和機器人中獲得廣泛應用。近年來，新的光電器件不斷涌現，特別是CCD圖像傳感器的誕生，為光電傳感器的進步應用開創了新的頁。
　　由光(guang)通量(liang)(liang)對(dui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件的作用(yong)原理[1]不同(tong)所制成的光(guang)學測控(kong)系(xi)統是多種多樣的,按(an)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件（光(guang)學測控(kong)系(xi)統）輸(shu)出量(liang)(liang)性質可分二類,即模擬(ni)式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)和(he)脈沖（開關）式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi).模擬(ni)式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)是將被測量(liang)(liang)轉換  光(guang)電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)

德國TURCK光電傳感器，TURCK傳感器，圖爾克光電傳感器
成連續變化的光電流,它與被測量間呈單值關系.模擬式光電傳感器按被測量（檢測目標物體）方法可分為透射（吸收）式,漫反射式,遮光式（光束阻檔）三大類.所謂透射式是指被測物體放在光路中,恒光源發出的光能量穿過被測物,部份被吸收后,透射光投射到光電元件上;所謂漫反射式是指恒光源發出的光投射到被測物上,再從被測物體表面反射后投射到光電元件上;所謂遮光式是指當光源發出的光通量經被測物光遮其中部份,使投射剄光電元件上的光通量改變,改變的程度與被測物體在光路位置有關. 　　光敏二極管是zui常見的光傳感器。光敏二極管的外型與般二極管樣，只是它的管殼上開有個嵌著玻璃的窗口，以便于光線射入，為增加受光面積，PN結的面積做得較大，光敏二極管工作在反向偏置的工作狀態下，并與負載電阻相串聯，當無光照時，它與普通二極管樣，反向電流很小（<&micro;A），稱為光敏二極管的暗電流；當有光照時，載流子被激發，產生電子-空穴，稱為光電  光電傳感器
載(zai)流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。在外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)作用下，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)載(zai)流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)參(can)于導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成比(bi)暗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)得(de)(de)(de)多(duo)的(de)(de)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，該(gai)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)稱為光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)大(da)小與(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)成正比(bi)，于是在負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上就能(neng)得(de)(de)(de)到隨光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)變化(hua)而變化(hua)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號(hao)。 　　光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)除了具有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)能(neng)將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信(xin)號(hao)轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)功能(neng)外(wai)，還有(you)(you)(you)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號(hao)放大(da)的(de)(de)功能(neng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)外(wai)型與(yu)般三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)相差不大(da)，般光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)只引(yin)出兩個極(ji)——發(fa)射極(ji)和集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，基極(ji)不引(yin)出，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼同樣開窗口，以便光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)射入(ru)。為增(zeng)大(da)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)，基區(qu)面積做(zuo)得(de)(de)(de)很大(da)，發(fa)射區(qu)較小，入(ru)射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)主要(yao)被基區(qu)吸收。工(gong)作時(shi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結反偏(pian)，發(fa)射結正偏(pian)。在無光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)流(liu)(liu)過的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為暗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Iceo=（1+β）Icbo（很小），比(bi)般三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)穿透電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)還小；當有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)，激發(fa)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)-空穴對(dui)，使得(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ib增(zeng)大(da)，此刻流(liu)(liu)過管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)稱為光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ic=（1+β）Ib，可(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)要(yao)比(bi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)具有(you)(you)(you)更高的(de)(de)靈(ling)敏度(du)。